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The Imperial-Royal Landwehr ((ドイツ語:kaiserlich-königliche Landwehr) or ''k.k. Landwehr''), also called the Austrian Landwehr, was the territorial army of the Cisleithanian or Austrian half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1869 to 1918. Its counterpart was the Royal Hungarian Landwehr (''k.u. Landwehr''). The two ''Landwehrs'', together with the Common Army and the Imperial and Royal Navy, made up the armed power (''Bewaffnete Macht'' or ''Wehrmacht'') of Austria-Hungary. Unlike the German Empire, where the ''Landwehr'' mainly comprised reservists and volunteers, the Imperial-Royal ''Landwehr'' consisted of regular units. It was fully established with regular troops and not partly mobilized or cadred. The ''Landwehr'' should not be confused with the ''Landsturm'' which was a volunteer militia.〔In 1917 the term ''Landwehr'' was replaced in the infantry by ''Schützen'', for example "Landwehr Infantry Regiment" = "Schützen Regiment" i.e. "Rifle Regiment"〕 == History == The roots of the Landwehr go back to the 16th century when there were calls on all able-bodied men to defend their country. During the Napoleonic Wars a ''Landwehr'' was established by imperial decree dated 9 June 1808 as a standing and common institution to complement the regular Austrian army. This army was used in 1809 and in 1813/14. In 1859, the ''Landwehr'' was abolished. After the Austrian Empire had lost the war against Prussia, the Kingdom of Hungary succeeding in gaining its independence from the Austria in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867. Hungary now wanted its own forces under command of the Hungarian government alongside the existing Imperial and Royal Army and Navy, which were commanded by the Emperor and Austro-Hungarian Minister of War. So the Compromise included the right of Hungary to establish the Royal Hungarian Landwehr (''Kiraly Honvédség''), often colloquially known as the Honved (''Honvéd''). As a consequence, the Cisleithanian counterpart of the Honved, known as the Imperial-Royal Landwehr, was established in the "kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat", i.e. the remaining Empire of Austria. Its tasks were finally confirmed in 1889 in the Austrian Defence Act (RGBl. 41/1889) as follows: ''§ 4. The Landwehr is tasked in time of war to support the Army and to defend the homeland; in peacetime, and by exception, also to maintain law and order and security of the homeland.'' In ''§ 14 Wehrgesetz 1889'' the annual recruiting quota for the Landwehr was set at 10,000 men. Conscription in the ''Landwehr'' was from age 21 up to 32 and included two or three years on active duty. The one-year volunteer served just one year, but received no wages and had to pay his their own equipment. After age 32, conscripted ''Landwehr'' soldiers were transferred to the ''Landsturm'' militia. As there were more conscripts available than were needed, a lot decided who was assigned to the army, who to the militia and who to the reserve. The ''Landwehr's'' "March No. 1", which Beethoven composed in 1808, as the "March of the Bohemian Landwehr" (''Marsch der böhmischen Landwehr''), is known nowadays as the Yorck March (''Yorckscher Marsch''). As an element of the Grand Tattoo, performed e.g. by the ''Bundeswehr'', it is now one of the best known German military marches. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Imperial-Royal Landwehr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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